International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications IJERA is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research. Reinforced Concrete Design By H J Shah Free' />Safavid dynasty Wikipedia. Safavid dynasty 1The Expansive Realm of Iran2 3The Country of Iran4Empire. Capital. Tabriz1. Qazvin1. 55. 51. Isfahan1. Languages. Persian official,7 coinage,89 civil administration,1. QhJL3F3hjlo/VE_F5mbc5FI/AAAAAAAAAoM/DiHGwtRRynw/s1600/Bentley%2BPower%2BInRoads.jpg' alt='Reinforced Concrete Design By H J Shah Free' />The illustration shows a falsecolored scanning electron microscope image of a contacted InSb nanowire network yellow resting on a silicon substrate dark purple. Isfahan became capital,1. Azerbaijani court,1. GeorgianCircassianArmenian court2. Religion. Twelver. Shia Islam. Government. Monarchy. Shahanshah 1. Mouse Robot Serial. Ismail Ifirst 1. Abbas IIIlastGrand Vizier 1. Mohammad Zakariya Kujujifirst 1. Nader Qoli BeglastLegislature. Council of State. History Establishment of the Safaviyya by Safi ad din Ardabili. Established. 15. 01 Hotaki Invasion. Reconquest under Nader Shah. Disestablished. March 8, 1. Nader Shah crowned. October 1. 73. 6Area. Currency. Tuman, Abbasi incl. Abazi, Shahi. 2. Tuman 5. Abbasi. Tuman 5. 0 French Livre. Tuman 3 6s 8d. State religion. The Safavid dynasty Persian Dudmn e Safavi2. Iran, often considered the beginning of modern Iranian history. The Safavid shahs ruled over one of the so called gunpowder empires. They ruled one of the greatest Iranian empires after the 7th century Muslim conquest of Iran,2. Twelver school of Shia Islam as the official religion of the empire,3. Muslim history. The Safavid dynasty had its origin in the Safaviyya. Sufi order, which was established in the city of Ardabil in the Azerbaijan region. It was of mixed ancestry Kurdish3. Azerbaijani,3. 3 which included intermarriages with Georgian,3. Circassian, and Pontic Greek3. From their base in Ardabil, the Safavids established control over parts of Greater Iran and reasserted the Iranian identity of the region,3. Sasanian Empire to establish a unified Iranian state. The Safavids ruled from 1. Iran, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Armenia, most of Georgia, the North Caucasus, Iraq, Kuwait, and Afghanistan, as well as parts of Turkey, Syria, Pakistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. Despite their demise in 1. Persia as an economic stronghold between East and West, the establishment of an efficient state and bureaucracy based upon checks and balances, their architectural innovations and their patronage for fine arts. The Safavids have also left their mark down to the present era by spreading Shia Islam in Iran, as well as major parts of the Caucasus, Anatolia, and Mesopotamia. Genealogyancestors of the Safavids and its multi cultural identity. The Safavid Kings themselves claimed to be Seyyeds,4. Islamic prophet Muhammad, although many scholars have cast doubt on this claim. There seems now to be a consensus among scholars that the Safavid family hailed from Persian Kurdistan,3. Azerbaijan, finally settling in the 1. CE at Ardabil. Traditional pre 1. Safavid manuscripts trace the lineage of the Safavids to the Kurdish dignitary, Firuz Shah Zarin Kulah. According to some historians,4. Richard Frye, the Safavids were of Turkicized Iranian origin 3. The Turkish speakers of Azerbaijan are mainly descended from the earlier Iranian speakers, several pockets of whom still exist in the region. A massive migration of Oghuz Turks in the 1. Turkified Azerbaijan but also Anatolia. The Azeri Turks are Shiites and were founders of the Safavid dynasty. Other historians, such as Vladimir Minorsky4. Roger Savory, support this idea 4. From the evidence available at the present time, it is certain that the Safavid family was of indigenous Iranian stock, and not of Turkish ancestry as it is sometimes claimed. It is probable that the family originated in Persian Kurdistan, and later moved to Azerbaijan, where they adopted the Azari form of Turkish spoken there, and eventually settled in the small town of Ardabil sometimes during the eleventh century. By the time of the establishment of the Safavid empire, the members of the family were native Turkish speaking and Turkicized,1. Shahs composed poems in their native Turkish language. Concurrently, the Shahs themselves also supported Persian literature, poetry and art projects including the grand Shahnameh of Shah Tahmasp,4. Shahs composed Persian poetry as well. The authority of the Safavids was religiously based, and their claim to legitimacy was founded on being direct male descendants of the Ali,5. Muhammad, and regarded by Shiites as the first Imam. Furthermore, the dynasty was from the very start thoroughly intermarried with both Pontic Greek as well as Georgian lines. In addition, from the official establishment of the dynasty in 1. Circassian as well as again Georgian dignitaries, especially with the advent of king Tahmasp I. BackgroundThe Safavid Sufi Order. Safavid history begins with the establishment of the Safaviyya by its eponymous founder Safi ad din Ardabili 1. In 7. 001. 30. 1, Safi al Din assumed the leadership of the Zahediyeh, a significant Sufi order in Gilan, from his spiritual master and father in law Zahed Gilani. Due to the great spiritual charisma of Safi al Din, the order was later known as the Safaviyya. The Safavid order soon gained great influence in the city of Ardabil, and Hamdullah Mustaufi noted that most of the people of Ardabil were followers of Safi al Din. Religious poetry from Safi al Din, written in the Old Azari language5. Northwestern Iranian languageand accompanied by a paraphrase in Persian that helps its understanding, has survived to this day and has linguistic importance. After Saf al Dn, the leadership of the Safaviyya passed to Sadr al Dn Ms 7. The order at this time was transformed into a religious movement that conducted religious propaganda throughout Persia, Syria and Asia Minor, and most likely had maintained its Sunni Shafiite origin at that time. The leadership of the order passed from Sadr ud Dn Ms to his son Khwdja Ali 1. Ibrhm 1. 42. When Shaykh Junayd, the son of Ibrhim, assumed the leadership of the Safaviyya in 1. Safavid movement was radically changed. Find 3 Speed Manual Transmission Ford Falcon. According to R. M. Savory, Sheikh Junayd was not content with spiritual authority and he sought material power. At that time, the most powerful dynasty in Persia was that of the Kara Koyunlu, the Black Sheep, whose ruler Jahan Shah ordered Junyd to leave Ardabil or else he would bring destruction and ruin upon the city. Junayd sought refuge with the rival of Kara Koyunlu Jahan Shah, the Aq Qoyunlu White Sheep TurkomansKhan. Uzun Hassan, and cemented his relationship by marrying Uzun Hassans sister, Khadija Begum. Junayd was killed during an incursion into the territories of the Shirvanshah and was succeeded by his son Haydar Safavi. Haydar married Martha Alamshah Begom,3. Uzun Hassans daughter, who gave birth to Ismail I, founder of the Safavid dynasty. Marthas mother Theodorabetter known as Despina Khatun5. Pontic Greek princess, the daughter of the Grand Komnenos. John IV of Trebizond. She had been married to Uzun Hassan5. Grand Komnenos from the Ottomans. After Uzun Hassans death, his son Yaqub felt threatened by the growing Safavid religious influence. Yaqub allied himself with the Shirvanshah and killed Haydar in 1. Confianza Total Libro Pdf. By this time, the bulk of the Safaviyya were nomadic Oghuz Turkic speaking clans from Asia Minor and Azerbaijan and were known as Qizilbash Red Heads because of their distinct red headgear. The Qizilbash were warriors, spiritual followers of Haydar, and a source of the Safavid military and political power. After the death of Haydar, the Safaviyya gathered around his son Ali Mirza Safavi, who was also pursued and subsequently killed by Yaqub.
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Composite material Wikipedia. For the specific carbon and glass fibre based composite materials often referred to loosely as composites, see Fibre reinforced polymer. Composites are formed by combining materials together to form an overall structure with properties that differ from the sum of the individual components. A composite material also called a composition material or shortened to composite, which is the common name is a material made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical properties that, when combined, produce a material with characteristics different from the individual components. The individual components remain separate and distinct within the finished structure. The new material may be preferred for many reasons common examples include materials which are stronger, lighter, or less expensive when compared to traditional materials. More recently, researchers have also begun to actively include sensing, actuation, computation and communication into composites,1 which are known as Robotic Materials. Typical engineered composite materials include Composite materials are generally used for buildings, bridges, and structures such as boat hulls, swimming pool panels, racing car bodies, shower stalls, bathtubs, storage tanks, imitationgranite and cultured marblesinks and countertops. The most advanced examples perform routinely on spacecraft and aircraft in demanding environments. HistoryeditThe earliest man made composite materials were straw and mud combined to form bricks for buildingconstruction. Ancient brick making was documented by Egyptian tomb paintingscitation needed. Amity school of engineering technology offers b. The Safavid dynasty s f v d Persian Dudmn e Safavi was one of the most significant ruling dynasties of Iran. Wattle and daub is one of the oldest man made composite materials, at over 6. Concrete is also a composite material, and is used more than any other man made material in the world. As of 2. 00. 6update, about 7. Earth. 4Woody plants, both true wood from trees and such plants as palms and bamboo, yield natural composites that were used prehistorically by mankind and are still used widely in construction and scaffolding. Plywood 3. 40. 0 BCcitation needed by the Ancient Mesopotamians gluing wood at different angles gives better properties than natural wood. Cartonnage layers of linen or papyrus soaked in plaster dates to the First Intermediate Period of Egypt c. BCcitation needed and was used for death masks. Reinforced Concrete Design By H J Shah Free' />Cob material Mud Bricks, or Mud Walls, using mud clay with straw or gravel as a binder have been used for thousands of years. Concrete was described by Vitruvius, writing around 2. Reinforced Concrete Design By H J Shah Free' />BC in his Ten Books on Architecture, distinguished types of aggregate appropriate for the preparation of lime mortars. For structural mortars, he recommended pozzolana, which were volcanic sands from the sandlike beds of Pozzuoli brownish yellow gray in colour near Naples and reddish brown at Rome. Vitruvius specifies a ratio of 1 part lime to 3 parts pozzolana for cements used in buildings and a 1 2 ratio of lime to pulvis Puteolanus for underwater work, essentially the same ratio mixed today for concrete used at sea. Natural cement stones, after burning, produced cements used in concretes from post Roman times into the 2. Portland cement. Papier mch, a composite of paper and glue, has been used for hundreds of years. The first artificial fibre reinforced plastic was bakelite which dates to 1. One of the most common and familiar composite is fibreglass, in which small glass fibre are embedded within a polymeric material normally an epoxy or polyester. The glass fibre is relatively strong and stiff but also brittle, whereas the polymer is ductile but also weak and flexible. Thus the resulting fibreglass is relatively stiff, strong, flexible, and ductile. ExampleseditComposite Materialsedit. Concrete is a mixture of cement and aggregate, giving a robust, strong material that is very widely used. Plywood is used widely in construction. Composite sandwich structure panel used for testing at NASAConcrete is the most common artificial composite material of all and typically consists of loose stones aggregate held with a matrix of cement. Concrete is an inexpensive material, and will not compress or shatter even under quite a large compressive forcecitation needed. However, concrete cannot survive tensile loadingcitation neededi. Therefore, to give concrete the ability to resist being stretched, steel bars, which can resist high stretching forces, are often added to concrete to form reinforced concrete. Fibre reinforced polymers FRPs include carbon fibre reinforced polymerCFRP and glass reinforced plasticGRP. If classified by matrix then there are thermoplastic composites, short fibre thermoplastics, long fibre thermoplastics or long fibre reinforced thermoplastics. There are numerous thermoset composites, including paper composite panels. Many advanced thermoset polymer matrix systems usually incorporate aramidfibre and carbon fibre in an epoxy resin matrix. Shape memory polymer composites are high performance composites, formulated using fibre or fabric reinforcement and shape memory polymer resin as the matrix. Since a shape memory polymer resin is used as the matrix, these composites have the ability to be easily manipulated into various configurations when they are heated above their activation temperatures and will exhibit high strength and stiffness at lower temperaturescitation needed. They can also be reheated and reshaped repeatedly without losing their material propertiescitation needed. These composites are ideal for applications such as lightweight, rigid, deployable structures rapid manufacturing and dynamic reinforcement. High strain composites are another type of high performance composites that are designed to perform in a high deformation setting and are often used in deployable systems where structural flexing is advantageous. Although high strain composites exhibit many similarities to shape memory polymers, their performance is generally dependent on the fibre layout as opposed to the resin content of the matrix. How To Make Fake Id Templates on this page. Composites can also use metal fibres reinforcing other metals, as in metal matrix composites MMC or ceramic matrix composites CMC, which includes bone hydroxyapatite reinforced with collagen fibres, cermet ceramic and metal and concrete. Ceramic matrix composites are built primarily for fracture toughness, not for strength. Another class of composite materials involve woven fabric composite consisting of longitudinal and transverse laced yarns. Woven fabric composites are flexible as they are in form of fabric. Organic matrixceramic aggregate composites include asphalt concrete, polymer concrete, mastic asphalt, mastic roller hybrid, dental composite, syntactic foam and mother of pearl. Chobham armour is a special type of composite armour used in military applications. Additionally, thermoplastic composite materials can be formulated with specific metal powders resulting in materials with a density range from 2 gcm to 1. The most common name for this type of material is high gravity compound HGC, although lead replacement is also used. Chick Corea Midi Sites here. These materials can be used in place of traditional materials such as aluminium, stainless steel, brass, bronze, copper, lead, and even tungsten in weighting, balancing for example, modifying the centre of gravity of a tennis racquet, vibration damping, and radiation shielding applications.